Dynamics refers to the variation in loudness for a given phrase or section of a song. The most effective music has a varied amount of dynamic levels between sections (for example, choruses are often louder than verses.) Dynamics are also useful in crafting a compelling solo that begins soft and increases in volume and intensity.
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In music notation, the following symbols indicate dynamic levels:
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P-Piano (soft)
MP- Mezzo Piano (moderately soft)
MF- Mezzo Forte (moderately loud)
F- Forte (loud)